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Hebrew Gospel hypothesis
The Hebrew Gospel hypothesis (or proto-Gospel hypothesis or ''Aramaic Matthew hypothesis'') is a group of theories based on the proposition that a lost gospel in Hebrew or Aramaic lies behind the four canonical gospels. It is based upon an early Christian tradition, deriving from the 2nd century bishop Papias of Hierapolis, that the apostle Matthew composed such a gospel. Papias appeared to say that this Hebrew or Aramaic gospel was subsequently translated into the canonical gospel of Matthew, but modern studies have shown this to be untenable. Modern variants of the hypothesis survive, but have not found favour with scholars as a whole.
==Basis of the Hebrew gospel hypothesis: Papias and the early church fathers==
The idea that some or all of the gospels were originally written in a language other than Greek begins with Papias of Hierapolis, c. 125–150 CE. In a passage with several ambiguous phrases, he wrote: "Matthew collected the oracles (''logia'' – sayings of or about Jesus) in the Hebrew language (''Hebraïdi dialektōi'' — perhaps alternatively "Hebrew style") and each one interpreted (''hērmēneusen'' — or "translated") them as best he could." By "Hebrew" Papias would have meant Aramaic, the common language of the Middle East beside koine Greek On the surface this implies that Matthew was originally written in Hebrew (Aramaic), but Matthew's Greek "reveals none of the telltale marks of a translation."
Scholars have put forward several theories to explain Papias: perhaps Matthew wrote two gospels, one, now lost, in Hebrew, the other the preserved Greek version; or perhaps the ''logia'' was a collection of sayings rather than the gospel; or by ''dialektōi'' Papias may have meant that Matthew wrote in the Jewish style rather than in the Hebrew language. Nevertheless, on the basis of this and other information Jerome (c. 327–420) claimed that all the Jewish Christian communities shared a single gospel, identical with the Hebrew or Aramaic Matthew; he also claimed to have personally found this gospel in use among some communities in Syria.
Jerome's testimony is regarded with skepticism by modern scholars. Jerome claims to have seen a gospel in Aramaic that contained all the quotations he assigns to it, but it can be demonstrated that some of them could never have existed in a Semitic language.(some authors, such as Carmignac and Claude Tresmontant, argue there is strong evidence of Hebrew origins for much of the gospels. See below. ) His claim to have produced all the translations himself is also suspect, as many are found in earlier scholars such as Origen and Eusebius. Jerome appears to have assigned these quotations to the Gospel of the Hebrews, but it appears more likely that there were at least two and probably three ancient Jewish-Christian gospels, only one of them in a Semitic language.
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